The Tiger has been feared and revered. This lecture explores the tiger as a symbol of power and protection, illustrated by a diverse range of art and artefact from China, Japan, India and Tibet.

Bess of Hardwick is one of the most fascinating women of the 16th Century. Her most famous building survives as a wonderful example of Elizabethan creativity and magnificence.  

Image; English Heritage - Women in History

The Gulbenkian is Lisbon's finest museum; the collection includes Lalique, Rembrandt and Renaissance paintings. Gulbenkian was an enigmatic figure, holding 5% of Middle East oil production. 

Jonathan Conlin is a historian an historian and author particularly interested in history and great museum collections.

In the 18th century, portraiture in Britain became more democratic. The nobility gave way to the nouveau riche as industrialists and merchants commissioned portraits from the great painters of the day.

In 2010, our speaker presented a BBC series - Climbing Great Buildings, repeated in 2025. He now shares with us secret findings and structural details that are often invisible from the ground.

From the 1820's, Normandy attracted many important and innovative artists of the nineteenth century who were drawn to its coastal scenery and many fine buildings.

Image from National Gallery Australia - Claud Monet (Haystack, midday)

Harry Venning will trace the history of his profession from early practitioners like Hogarth, to contemporaries such as Giles. It will bring us right up to date with cartoons produced on the page that day. 

Cartoon - CB Creative Bloq - Rick & Morty

This lecture will explore the fascinating history of how royal families fom William the Conqueror to the present day have celebrated Christmas in traditional, and some surprising, ways. 

Pelican photograph from RSBP

In his lifetime, Joaquin Sorolla was the most famous artist from Spain. He captured in his paintings, all the exuberance of his native country. So why don't we know more about him?

The image depicted here is 'Children in the Sea' by Joaquin Sorolla c1909. It can be cound in the Museo Sorolla

This lecture commemorates the 250th anniversary of the birth of Jane Austen, whose novels illustrate her struggle for independence. She finally gained recognition and appreciation following herch death. 

James Andrews' 1869 watercolour portrait of Jane Austen based on the sketch by her sister Casandra circa 1810. (National Portrait Gallery London)

Did the Trojan War really happen? This talk will focus on the mythology of that war and then turn to the discovery of some splendid archaeological finds such as 'Jewels of Helen'.

Stephen Kershaw is a Classics scholr and Tutor. He is the author of several books.

Blue is the colour of heavenly skies and the Virgin’s gown. It is spiritual and  moody. Ultramarine imported from the Himalayas was the most prized colour on the artist’s palette, costlier than gold.

Lynne Gibson is an educator and artist.

The Georgian era stretches from 1715-1830, a time when the theatre was the most popular form of entertainment in London and other cities. The caricaturists of the age loved using the London stage as a subject for their cruel prints.

Simon Rees taught in Italy and Japan and was the dramaturg at the Welsh National Opera. He now is a writer and lecturer.

 A house pet of a director of the Dutch East India Company, Clara was shipped to HoIland In 1741 and spent nearly 20 years touring Europe as a wonder of the age. She visited the major courts of Europe and was an inspiration to art and artists. She died in London in 1758.

Clive Stewart-Lockhart is a regular contributor to The Antiques Roadshow.

Bold pioneers in the field of colour and portrayers of the strong bright light that they discovered in France, Peploe and Fergusson exhibited in Edinburgh and London before World War 1. Hunter and Cadell were less well known.

Alice Foster lectures regularly at the Ashmolean and in the Midlands.

Serving three successive monarchs, Chancellor of  England, and Bishop of the wealthiest diocese north of the Alps, Wykeham built Windsor Castle and colleges at Winchester and Oxford, He died in 1440 leaving a rich legacy.

Tom James is a broadcaster and lecturer.

Charles Dickens was arguably the most celebrated Victorian novelist with a life story as colourful as the characters in his books. The lecture will follow his career from political reportage to novelist supreme. 

Jane Tapley is a Blue Guide in Bath, a lecturer, and a broadcast media consultant.    

This lecture focuses on the costumes and dress accessories worn mostly for formal  occasions at the imperial court or in provincial government during the Qing dynasty 1644-1911.

David Rosier’s collection of Chinese Imperial Court costumes was acquired by the Shanghai Museum to be displayed in the new annexe in 2021.

John Singer Sargent,1856-1926, was high society’s leading portraitist yet beneath the veneer of works such as Madam X lurks a rawer world. Sargent scandalised Parisian society with his frank descriptions of human sexuality, but he was even more modern than they feared. The talk charts the artist’s life and work showing that he was always on the cusp of change. 

Gavin Plumley is a writer, lecturer and broadcaster.

Stanley Spencer grew up in Cookham-on-Thames, Berkshire, a town that became the focus for much of his life’s work, with many biblical stories being placed as contemporary scenes of daily life just a short walk from his home. Spencer’s Christian vision of his ‘little corner of paradise’ would be shattered by the outbreak of the First World War. David Haycock is an art historian, curator, and author. (83)

The history of gsrden design is rarely told through the lens of one garden. The Oxford Botanic Gardens was founded at the beginning of the 17th centurymand its layout bears all the hallmarks of garden design of that era. Over 400 years gardeners have changed the features reflecting the art of gardening and, occasiionally,Botanic Gardens now reflect garden design at the beginning of the 21st dentury.

Timothy Walker is part director of the Botanic Garden.

We have orgaised a visit to Oxford Botanical Gardens on Friday, 14th June as supplementary to this lecture. Please see Visits Page.

Female patronage of the arts has often been hidden but new research shows that from Queen Catherine of Braganza to the Duchess of Marlborough many important works of art and archetecture were comissioned by women.

Art Historian, Amy Lim will guide us through some of the significsnt works commmissioned by women in late Stuart England.

Hirchcock created several masterpieces of cinema including Vertigo (1958), a study in sexual obsession, and Psycho (1960), once considered shoking and now recognised as a modern horror classic. The central focus of the lecture will be a full analysis of Hitchcock's masterful technique and influences. By far the most revered film director of his time, it will be argued that Hitchcock's films should be regarded as artistic masterworks.

John Francis is a teacher, artist and film maker.

Founded in 1824, the National Gallery houses one of the world's finest collections of European paintings, including Van Eyck's Arnolfini Marriage, Botticelli's Venus and Mars, Constable's Cornfield and Van Gogh's Sunflowers. Uniquely, the Gallery was founded by parliament and remains reliant on public funding. The lecture uses highlights from the collection to show how our vision of the 'ideal' art collection has evolved over time.

Jonathan Conlin is Senior Lecturer in Modern History at the University of Southampton and a lecturer.

Ranging from the 19th century 'Golden Age' to contemporary design, this lecture considers the nature of Danish artistic genius and its relationship with Danish society. It will provide an introduction to artists such as Eckersberg, Kobke, and Hammershoi as well as providing an overview of 20th century designers and archetects.

We shall trace the history and cultural significance of the Three Kings through the visual arts, poetry and song. We shall celebrate their joirney as the Journey of Everyone. 

The visual and narrative content will be supported by a rich programme  of seasonal music by The Ledbury Singers

Image: Meeting of the Three Kings - before 1480 - Getty Museum

Many of us would be pressed if asked to describe a typical mosque. In this lecture, Dr James Allan will look at three important forms; the Friady Mosque i n Cordova; the Mosques of SUleyman the Magnificient in Istanbul, and the Royal Mosque in Isfahan.

James Allan is past Curator of the Islamic collection and Keeper of Eastern Art at the Ashmolean Museum.

iN THE EARLY DECADES OF THE 15TH CENTURY, THE SMALL CITY STATE OF fLORENCE WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF AN ASTONISHING, BLOODLESS REVOLUTION, NOW KNOWN AS THE RENAAISSANCE. MANY FLORTINE PAINTERS, COMPOSERS, ARCHITECTS, PHILOSOPHERS, AND PATRONS KNEW AND INFLUENCED EACH OTHER. NONE MORE SO THAN DONATELLO WHO CREATED NEW WORLDS OUT OF STONE, SUFFUSING IT WITH DRAMA AND HUMANITY.

RENOWNED AUTHOR, SARAH DUNANT LOOKS AT HOW DONATELLO, IN HARNESS WITH OTHERS, CHANGED THE FACE OF EUROPEAN CULTURE FOREVER.

In 1565, Bruegel the Elder was commissioned by an Antwerp merchant and collector to create a series of paintings for his dining room. Writer and braodcaster Gavin Plumley will demonstrate how these images changed the way we view the world through art. More than 450 years since Bruegel's death, we continue to marvel at his rich detailing of individuals and their environment.

Alongside his street art, Banksy has been creating works for sale for over 20 years. The art world has caught up with his popular appeal and now views him as more than a graffiti artist living for a laugh and a headline.

Mariska, a social psychologist and founder of Art Historical London will examine this innovative artist who has earned his place in cultural history.

Musician and instrument maker, Sophie Matthews is acclaimed for her prowess on the English bagpipes and other woodwind instruments. She will explore links between visual and aural experience drawing on the works of painters such as Bruegel, Hogarth and Rigaud and explain the symbolism of music in Medieval and Rennanissance art. She will also give live demonstrations on authentic instruments.

'Art has the power to inspire us all', so discovered lecturer Keith Bonser when he encountered Caravaggio on a weekend visit to Dublin. In his letcure, Keith describes how his connection with the troubled 16th century painter who died in mysterious circumstances changed his life.

Keith is a former teacher and eduction manager.

Our lecture for St Valentine's Day focuses on the lifestyle Jane and William Morris embraced with their friends. Using newly revealed letters and diaries, author and curator Suzanne Fagence Cooper will describe the couple's homes, Red House and Kelmscott Manor and the art and artifacts they created.

Suzanne's latest book is on this subject.

Tibet is home to a rich artistic tradition inspired by the teachings of Buddhism. Art Historian and Curator, Zara Fleming will examine this extraordinary system of imagery, describing how paintings and sculpture are created and the many ways in which they are used.

Ernest H Shepard, the illustrator of Winnie the Pooh and Wind in the Willows, loved Christmas. Using a range of full colour and simple line drawings, James Campbell will describe the joy and magic that the artist experienced over successive festive seasons. As overseer to Shepard's artistic and literary estate, our lecturer will share many images that have not been viewed publically for over 50 years.

Hereford-born Carrington's work as a painter of landscapes and portraits and creator of flower collages is becoming incresingly appreciated. Lecturer and curator, David Haycock will introduce the life and work of a woman not only noteworthy for her artistic achievement but also for her chaotic personal life at the edge of the Bloomsbury Group.

Briony Hudson will select examples from the works of Hogarth, Gillray, Rowlandson and others to examine how pharmacists, apothecaries, quack doctors and their treatments were portayed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Come prepared to laugh and wince in equal measure!

Anguissola was a successful painter of the Italian Renaissance. Her career as an artist took her to the court of Philip II of Spain weher she was a portrait painter for 15 years. When in her nineties, her celebrity was such that Anthony Van Dyke sought her advice. Today many works once attributed to male artists are recognised as her work.

The desert has inspired artists and thinkers for millennia. This lecture will present the deserts of North Africa as a palimpsest upon which poets, painters, filmmakers and dreamers have been inspired to leave their marks.

The Luttrell Psalter offers a fascinating insight into life in England in the turbulent 14th Century. Michelle Brown interprets the coded histories woven into this masterpiece.

Impressionism was born in Paris in the 1860s through the rivalry of Edouard Manet and Ernest Meissonier. The two men held competing visions of a world changed by technology, politics and personal freedom. One of these artists was highly commercially successful whereas the other was revilled by the critics.

Schiele, Vienna's most shocking artist, managed to get to the core of human emotion and the restive experience of life at the beginning of the 20th century. This talk surveys 28 years of creativity and looks at the impact of Schiele's art on modern artists.

The lecture traces the development of the Italian garden from the formal gardens of the 15th century to the more English-influenced romantic style developed at the end of the 18th century.

The lecture extolls the wonders of embroidery from the 11th century 'Opus Anglicanum' - the most desired gift of Popes, Kings and Princes - to amazing examples of modern creative and experimental work.

Please note this lecture exceptionally is on the first Tuesday of the month.

The discovery of a hoard of Roman silver in the 1940s and known as the Mildenhall Treasure caused a national sensation. The lecture examines the artifacts including the 'Great Dish', and the tradition of fine dining that may explain the original purpose of the artifacts.

The scenes painted on the ancient Mayan pottery vessels give us a fascinating insight into the life of the people. The also help us to understand the context of the Mayan universe, from palace scenes, sporting events to mythology and tales of the underworld.

Using canvasses from his final year as a starting point, we consider the life & legacy of Vincent, the archetypal, tortured genius.

In 1506, Michaelangelo and others were called to a building site where an immense and glorious statue had been unearthed, later identified as the statue of Laocoon mentioned by Pliny. The lecture examines its Graeco-Roman context and later influence as a cultural object.

The role of the church buildings officer in the Hereford Diocese is to ensure our church buildings have a sustainable future as places of worship, ministry and mission, and as centres of culture, art and history.

The shell was a symbolic part of the mythology of antiquity, featuring in Roman art. Adapted for Christian iconography, the scallop features in late mediaeval religious art and decoration, later becoming part of a new culture of enquiry and curiosity.

The working collaboration between Gill & Epstein in 1910, altered the course of sculpture in England, uniting what should never have been separated; the artist as a man of imagination and the artist as a workman.

Monet began the iconic large scale paintings of his water pond in Giverny, in 1914, at a time of turmoil and personal sadness. As the guns roared on the Western Front, he attempted his most demanding and innovative works.

Arts society lecturer, Stephen Richardson, who gave us ‘Burlington House and The History of The Royal Academy of Art,’ returns to us for our December lecture, ‘From Restoration to Rococo: English Period Style 1660 - 1760.’  (The title has changed to reflect a more appropriate content).

The lecture considers fashionable living in the time of Charles II, through the Baroque splendour of the Stuart court to the Palladian grandeur and frivolous Rococo of the early Hanoverian kings, identifying key characteristics, influences and personalities.

Hopper portrayed a changing America and the isolation of the individual in the modern city, seen in his works, Gas, Automat & The nighthawks.

This lecture will explore how the American superstar of the glass world has transformed the studio glass movement and altered perceptions of this extraordinary material.

In a sequel to his lecture "Famous Owners & Their Fabulous Jewels", John Travis tells the story of the frocks of the rich & Famous throughout history.

AGM starts at 2pm promptly. Please be seated by 1.45pm.

Lecture, Enigmatic Art, famous paintings that keep us guessing, By James Russell: From leonardo's Mona lisa to Edward Hooper's Nighthawks, we love paintings with an element of mystery. What do these paintings tell us about our world and ourselves?

Justine Hopkins follows the development of these remarkable artists as they explore form, shape & colour in the changing Cornish landscape.

Seduction has been one of the enduring themes in art ever since Eve offered Adam an apple. Lynne Gibson explores paintings from the Age of Chivalry to the Modern Age.

Following on from his lecture, Preserving Your Photographic Histories, Ted St. George discusses what makes a photograph unforgettable. Illustrated with a series of memorable images from the past 150 years of photography.

Stephen Richardson examines the history of the Royal Academy at Burlington House, from its beginnings in 1868 to the approaching 250th anniversary in 2018.

Maureen Schild follows Franz Marc's development from the Munich Academy to his association with Kandinsky, Klee & The Blue Rider Group.

In a sequel to his excellent earlier lecture, Famous Owners an Their Fabulous jewels, John Travis brings us the story of the Fabulous Frocks of the rich and famous throughout history.

Lights, Camera, Action! Following on from her earlier well received lecture, Dr. Geri Parlby brings us inside stories of the art and artifice of the early decades of Hollywood.

Sarah Kelly explores the work of the only American to exhibit with the French Impressionists. Mary Cassatt's subjects are subtly nuanced and can test our assumptions about what it meant to be a woman and a painter in 19th Century Paris.

Eleri will speak about the discovery and conservation of this unique altar cloth believed to be part of a dress worn by Queen Elizabeth 1

Hereford Museum & Resource Centre, Friar st, Hereford. Lecture starts at 2:30 p.m. Tickets in advance at £9 for Members or £10 for Non-Members from Mrs. A. Bishop, 26 Vineyard Rd. Hereford, HR1 1TT. Cheque made out to HDFAS and enclosing SAE. A limited number available on the door at £10.

David Hockney believes that many artists used mirrors and the Camera Obscura to create truthful images by means of reflection. This lecture tests his theories against various pictures from Van Eyck to Manet.

Pamela Halford traces Catherine's extraordinary life and her passion for collecting paintings, sculpture, gold, diamonds, boxes & cameos. She also acquired Chinoiserie, Wedgewood & men! The Hermitage is her legacy.

Although particularly recognisable in architecture, this lecture with Tricia Passes will consider the range of visual examples to identify key expressions of post modernity.

Caroline Shenton takes us through the hour by hour story of the dramatic fire of 1834 with a particular focus on the oils and watercolours produced by Turner, William Heath & others.

Geri Parlby informs us about the development of the motion picture industry & how it was inspired by 20th century artists and how they took inspiration from "the movies."

The Belgian painter, whose work spanned the 19th & 20th centuries, was a truly original artist. Maureen Schild traces Ensor's roots back to those great Flemings, Bosch & Bruegel & notes the influence of Turner on his rendering of light.

The famous actor manager, Garrick, was born in Hereford & became a superstar of his age. Our lecturer, Sylvia Pinches, sets his story in a cultural & theatrical context.

The blossoming of painted glass in the late 18th & 19th centuries is one of the great untold of stained glass history. But, championed by leading artists & architects of the day & more ambitious than anything attempted since the Reformation, these windows are major examples of Georgian art.

Caravaggio's work is acknowledged for its truthful realism. Alice Foster shows us how the artist regarded his own naturalistic rendering of the Christian story and its martyrs as supporting the impetus of the Catholic response to the Reformation in Europe.

Image: Caravaggio's crucifixion of St. Peter.

Taking Adam as a starting point, Janusz Slowkowski charts the spread and popularity of furniture designed and decorated in the neo-classical style.  Skilled cabinet-makers in the late 18th century were able to offer such designs to the upwardly mobile middle and professional classes as well as the most fashionable and wealthy.

During his short life Eric Ravilious was acknowledged as a brilliant wood engraver, designer of ceramics and a lithographer.  In this lecture James Russell  explores the making of Ravilious's most familiar works  & the influence on  contemporary design.

Landscape painting is so familiar to us today that we tend to think of it as having a long established place in the history of art. In fact, landscape as a recognised subject  belongs to the 19th century.  Before that time, it was viewed in a subordinate way.  Alice Foster shows us how meaning in some of our great paintings can be determined by the landscapes  within them.

Magna Carta – an international heritage

Magna Carta is an internationally recognised symbol of democracy and the rule of law. The Hereford Cathedral Magna Carta is one of only 24 believed to be in existence.

Magna Carta has played a key role in the history of democracy around the world and still forms part of British law today. Magna Carta established for the first time the principle that everybody, including the king, was subject to the law. The most famous clauses of Magna Carta declare that no free man shall be imprisoned without trial by his equals or by the law of the land, and that no-one shall be denied justice.

From the Constitution of the United States of America to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, statesmen, lawmakers, revolutionaries and citizens around the world have been inspired by Magna Carta over the last 800 years.

Anthony Peers tells the history of Birmingham, through a study of the city's best loved building.  Although based on the design of the temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum, the people of Birmingham regarded this as 'built by the people for the people' and therefore their own.

Maureen Schild discusses what Alberti meant when he designated Narcissus the inventor of painting.  She surveys art within the context of the myth and traces the rise of the artist from relative anonymity to modern celebrity status.

The lecture includes work by Carravaggio, Poussin, Dali, Pollock, Warhol and others.

The birth of Jesus has inspired many artists. Richard Box illustrates for us how painters throughout history have represented episodes such as the Annunciation, the Nativity, the Adoration of the Shepherds, the Adoration of the Magi and the Flight into Egypt.

In her lecture, Anna Hallett will explore how the riches accumulated by successful Dutch traders and merchants were used to build distinctive houses and, outside, gardens were designed in a formal style to accommodate the native love of horticulture

Sarah Kelly reveals how his sensitive family portraits show something of the private life of this international diplomat and artist. Contrasted with his monumental religious and mythological canvasses, these paintings give an insight into his loving relationships with   spouses and family.

In her lecture Dr Justine Hopkins brings to life the work of William Blake, poet, painter and English visionary.

William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English painter, poet and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime,  his visual artistry led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced".  Justine Hopkins conveys a  compelling portrait of a unique English genius’.

(Fragments from "Auguries of Innocence"

To see a World in a Grain of Sand

And a Heaven in a Wild Flower,

Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand

And Eternity in an hour.

A Robin Redbreast in a Cage

Puts all Heaven in a Rage.

A dove house fill’d with doves and pigeons

Shudders Hell thro’ all its regions.

A Dog starv’d at his Master’s Gate

Predicts the ruin of the State.

A Horse misus’d upon the Road

Calls to Heaven for Human blood.

Each outcry of the hunted Hare

A fiber from the Brain does tear.

In the 18th century British glass gained its own identity and national style. Glassmakers translated the influences of Rococo, Chinoiserie and Neo - Classicism into a huge variety of tableware,  decorative vases, chandeliers and candelabra.  Charles Hajdamach illustrates this lecture with paintings and engravings showing the glass in use from splendid dinners to the humble farmer enjoying his daily tipple.

Vivien Heffernan will explore with us the constraints and opportunities in the lives of women painters.

Throughout history, social prejudices, prohibitions on formal training and restrictions on what was deemed suitable for a woman meant that women artists laboured without recognition.

Those who became seriously involved in painting did so through their fathers, uncles or brothers who were professional artists and encouraged the women to pursue a career in art.  This offered two of the things necessary for art training,  expert instruction and a collection of work to copy.

The first female student was not admitted to the Royal Academy in London until 1860. In France and Italy the situation was worse: No woman student was admitted to the Ecole des Beaux- Arts or the Academy in Rome throughout the 19th century.

Restrictions were, however, imposed on women who gained entry to these organisations.  It was considered unnecessary for them to draw from the nude. They were opposed by a prudish morality which considered women's exposure to flesh as improper and overly stimulating.

It was only from early 20th century that women artists were able to venture beyond the boundaries of gardens, balconies and the nursery, the domestic scenes that were  considered suitable subjects for women.

It was the Devereux family, the Viscounts Hereford, who owned Hampton Court Castle from 1924 to 1972, who had not only to sell the property but also its contents which were dispersed in the two day sale in 1973.  The 18th Viscount, Milo struggled to maintain the crumbling house in the difficult mid-century years and in 1972, just before the country house renaissance of the last quarter of the twentieth century, he decided to sell Hampton Court.  It took three days to dispose of the contents.

In her lecture Catherine Beale reminds us of those contents that were dispersed at or before the two day sale of 1973.  This included royal beds of the 1690s, glassware, ceramics, stained glass, paintings, furniture, sculpture and musical instruments.

In this lecture Simon Rees will discuss with us the tea ceremony and its influence on the work of the potter Bernard Leach. The items in Leach's collection are of great intrinsic beauty and their interest is greatly enhanced by our understanding of the tea ceremony.   

In 1915, several crates of textiles, lacquer, woodblock prints and utensils used for the Japanese tea ceremony (chanoyu), arrived at the Museum. These were sent from Japan by Bernard Leach, whose career as a potter was heavily influenced by his Japanese experiences. The items were previously undocumented and the purpose behind their acquisition was totally lost until 2001, when new archive discoveries made it possible to identify them. 

Chanoyu is an art of life, a highly ritualised act of hospitality. Objects are chosen, arranged and handled with meticulous care, so that the combination of objects and people, time and place, makes each ceremony a unique and unrepeatable occasion. Leach was insistent that this same regard was observed when the collection was displayed at the National Gallery of Wales in 1924.   It seems fitting that, just as these items, valued for their beauty and their antiquity, are now also valued for their association with Leach himself. 

When Leach was in Japan, the preservation of Japanese heritage was under considerable threat from rapid industrialisation and westernisation. Some saw the tea ceremony as a metaphor for traditional Japan. 
Leach stands out as one of the key figures in the ongoing history of interaction between Europe and East Asia and it seems fitting that, just as these items are valued for their beauty and their antiquity, they are now also valued for their association with Leach himself.

Background Reading
Edmund de Waal, Bernard Leach (London: Tate, 1999);
Emmanuel Cooper, Bernard Leach: Life and Work (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2003); 
Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea (New York: Dover, 1964); 
Paul Varley and Kumakura Isao (eds), Tea in Japan: Essays on the History of Chanoyu, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989)